Which diagram illustrates anaphase

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See results 0 The answer is not found? There are also internal signals that tell the cell to progress, these proteins are called cyclins and the cyclin that promotes mitosis is called cyclin B. The stages of mitosis are interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase, sometimes followed by cytokinesis. See our detailed explanation below:. Another way to understand the progression of mitosis and meiosis is by thinking about what is happeningto the chromosomes, centrosomes, nuclear membrane and cell plasma membrane at each stage of the process.

Here we show how to do this for mitosis, why not try to recreate this table for meiosis? CC Brian Solis, www. Licensed under the terms of CC-BY Meiosis Venn Diagram. The process of cell division is an intricate dance of molecular machinery that has fascinated researchers for hundreds of years. Advances in microscopy have had a huge impact on the field, from its humble beginnings observing metaphase chromosomes under the light microscope, to more sophisticated technologies today that can ask questions at the molecular level.

However, despite our progress, many questions still remain. While there is only one way for mitosis to go right, there are many ways for it to go wrong. For example, in early mitosis, if there are incorrect contacts between microtubules and chromosomes, chromosomes can become misaligned, which can lead to incorrect segregation of sister chromatids. In late mitosis, how is the cell certain that the time is right to perform cytokinesis?

The chromosome passenger complex CPC is a molecular guardian angel that acts at many stages of mitosis to safeguard the fidelity of the process.

At the start of mitosis, the CPC localises all over the chromosomes and acts to modify chromatin, during mitosis it moves to the chromosome centromeres to prevent incorrect microtubule attachments and before cytokinesis the CPC finds its way to the central spindle.

Therefore, a question of ongoing research is how does the CPC elegantly re-localise throughout mitosis to save the day? The chromosomal passenger complex: guiding Aurora-B through mitosis. The Journal of cell biology, 6 , A mitosis-specific and R loop—driven ATR pathway promotes faithful chromosome segregation.

Science, , You might remember from above that it is the protein cohesin that holds together sister chromatids in metaphase of mitosis and metaphase II of meiosis. However, in meiosis I homologous chromosomes must be held together in metaphase I, before these ties are swiftly broken during anaphase I. This feat is performed by a miraculous cellular zipper called the synaptonemal complex SC. This zipper must be strong enough to hold chromosomes together, but it must also be disassembled equally efficiently, otherwise homologous chromosomes will not accurately segregate in anaphase I, leading to a potentially disastrous genetic inequality in the daughter cells.

How exactly this zipper disassembles is a hot topic of research. Polo is not solo in meiosis. Cell Cycle, 17 3 , Zipping and unzipping: protein modifications regulating synaptonemal complex dynamics. Trends in Genetics.

The time and duration of meiosis. B, , How long does it take a cell to divide? Cytometry Part A, 87 5 , Molecular and cellular biology, 4 11 , Restarting life: fertilization and the transition from meiosis to mitosis. Nature reviews Molecular cell biology, 14 9 , Walther Flemming: pioneer of mitosis research. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 2 1 , Prophase is the first phase of mitosis. During this phase, the chromosomes inside the cell's nucleus condense and form tight structures.

In fact, the chromosomes become so dense that they appear as curvy, dark lines when viewed under a microscope Figure 1. Because each chromosome was duplicated during S phase, it now consists of two identical copies called sister chromatids that are attached at a common center point called the centromere. Figure 2: The mitotic spindle white begins to form outside the cell's nucleus.

Important changes also take place outside of the nucleus during prophase. In particular, two structures called centrosomes move to opposite sides of the cell during this phase and begin building the mitotic spindle. The mitotic spindle plays a critical role during the later phases of mitosis as it orchestrates the movement of sister chromatids to opposite poles of the cell Figure 2. After prophase is complete, the cell enters prometaphase. During prometaphase, the nuclear membrane disintegrates and the mitotic spindle gains access to the chromosomes.

During this phase, a protein structure called the kinetochore is associated with the centromere on each sister chromatid. Stringlike structures called microtubules grow out from the spindle and connect to the sister chromatids at their kinetochores; one microtubule from one side of the spindle attaches to one sister chromatid in each chromosome, and one microtubule from the other side of the spindle attaches to the other sister chromatid Figure 3a.

Figure 3: a Metaphase and b Anaphase. In metaphase a , the microtubules of the spindle white have attached and the chromosomes have lined up on the metaphase plate. During anaphase b , the sister chromatids are pulled apart and move toward opposite poles of the cell.

Figure Detail. After metaphase is complete, the cell enters anaphase. During anaphase, the microtubules attached to the kinetochores contract, which pulls the sister chromatids apart and toward opposite poles of the cell Figure 3c. At this point, each chromatid is considered a separate chromosome. Figure 4: During telophase, two nuclear membranes form around the chromosomes, and the cytoplasm divides.

Finally, once anaphase is complete, the cell enters the last stage of the division process — telophase. During telophase, the newly separated chromosomes reach the mitotic spindle and a nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes, thus creating two separate nuclei inside the same cell. As Figure 4 illustrates, the cytoplasm then divides to produce two identical cells. Why is mitosis important?

As previously mentioned, most eukaryotic cells that are not involved in the production of gametes undergo mitosis. These cells, known as somatic cells , are important to the survival of eukaryotic organisms, and it is essential that somatic parent and daughter cells do not vary from one another. With few exceptions, the mitotic process ensures that this is the case.